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Rare Earth Elements (Metals)
(Lanthanides & Actinides)
Chemical Properties, Physical Properties and General Information
Radioactive Natural Element | 
Radioactive Synthetic Element | 
Toxic Element |
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| Name | Sym. | No. | Atomic
Weight | Melting
Point | Boiling
Point | Phase | Density | Valence
Electrons | Oxidation
States |
| Lanthanides (Lanthanoids) - Group 3 Period 6 of the Periodic Table |
| Scandium | Sc | 21 | 44.955912 | 1541 °C | 2836 °C | Solid | 2.985 g/cm3 | 3d14s2 | +3
(weakly basic oxide) |
| Yttrium | Y | 39 | 88.90585 | 1526 °C | 3336 °C | Solid | 4.472 g/cm3 | 4d15s2 | +3
(weakly basic oxide) |
| Lanthanum | La | 57 | 138.90547 | 920 °C | 3464 °C | Solid | 6.162 g/cm3 | 5d16s2 | +3
(strongly basic oxide) |
| Cerium | Ce | 58 | 140.116 | 795 °C | 3443 °C | Solid | 6.770 g/cm3 | 4f15d16s2 | +3,+4
(mildly basic oxide) |
| Praseodymium | Pr | 59 | 140.90765 | 935 °C | 3520 °C | Solid | 6.77 g/cm3 | 4f36s2 | +3
(mildly basic oxide) |
| Neodymium | Nd | 60 | 144.242 | 1024 °C | 3074 °C | Solid | 7.01 g/cm3 | 4f46s2 | +3
(mildly basic oxide) |
| Promethium | Pm | 61 | 145 | 1042 °C | 3000 °C | Solid | 7.26 g/cm3 | 4f56s2 | +3
(mildly basic oxide) |
| Samarium | Sm | 62 | 150.36 | 1072 °C | 1794 °C | Solid | 7.52 g/cm3 | 4f66s2 | +2,+3
(mildly basic oxide) |
| Europium | Eu | 63 | 151.964 | 826 °C | 1529 °C | Solid | 5.244 g/cm3 | 4f76s2 | +2,+3
(mildly basic oxide) |
| Gadolinium | Gd | 64 | 157.25 | 1312 °C | 3273 °C | Solid | 7.90 g/cm3 | 4f75d16s2 | +3
(mildly basic oxide) |
| Terbium | Tb | 65 | 158.92535 | 1356 °C | 3230 °C | Solid | 8.23 g/cm3 | 4f96s2 | +3
(weakly basic oxide) |
| Dysprosium | Dy | 66 | 162.500 | 1407 °C | 2567 °C | Solid | 8.540 g/cm3 | 4f106s2 | +3
(weakly basic oxide) |
| Holmium | Ho | 67 | 164.93032 | 1461 °C | 2720 °C | Solid | 8.79 g/cm3 | 4f116s2 | +3
(basic oxide) |
| Erbium | Er | 68 | 167.259 | 1529 °C | 2868 °C | Solid | 9.066 g/cm3 | 4f126s2 | +3
(basic oxide) |
| Thulium | Tm | 69 | 168.93421 | 1545 °C | 1950 °C | Solid | 9.32 g/cm3 | 4f136s2 | +3
(basic oxide) |
| Ytterbium | Yb | 70 | 173.04 | 824 °C | 1196 °C | Solid | 6.90 g/cm3 | 4f146s2 | +2,+3
(basic oxide) |
| Lutetium | Lu | 71 | 174.967 | 1652 °C | 3402 °C | Solid | 9.841 g/cm3 | 5d16s2 | +3
(weakly basic oxide) |
| Actinides (Actinoids) - Group 3 Period 7 of the Periodic Table |
| Actinium | Ac | 89 | 227 | 1050 °C | 3198 °C | Solid | 10 g/cm3 | 6d17s2 | +3(neutral oxide)
|
| Thorium | Th | 90 | 232.03806 | 1842 °C | 4788 °C | Solid | 11.7 g/cm3 | 6d27s2 | +4
(weakly basic oxide) |
| Protactinium | Pa | 91 | 231.03588 | 1568 °C | 4027 °C | Solid | 15.37 g/cm3 | 5f26d17s2 | +5,+4
(weakly basic oxide) |
| Uranium | U | 92 | 238.02891 | 1132.2 °C | 4131 °C | Solid | 19.1 g/cm3 | 5f36d17s2 | +3,+4,+5,+6
(weakly basic oxide) |
| Trans-Uranium Elements |
| Neptunium | Np | 93 | 237 | 637 °C | 4000 °C | Solid | 20.2 g/cm3 | 5f46d17s2 | +3,+4,+5,+6
(amphoteric oxide) |
| Plutonium | Pu | 94 | 244 | 639.4 °C | 3228 °C | Solid | 19.816 g/cm3 | 5f67s2 | +3,+4,+5,+6
(amphoteric oxide) |
| Americium | Am | 95 | 243 | 1176 °C | 2607 °C | Solid | 13.6 g/cm3 | 5f77s2 | +3,+4,+5,+6
(amphoteric oxide) |
| Curium | Cm | 96 | 247 | 1340 °C | 3110 °C | Solid | 13.51 g/cm3 | 5f76d17s2 | +3
(amphoteric oxide) |
| Berkelium | Bk | 97 | 247 | 1050 °C | Unknown | Solid | 14 g/cm3 | 5f97s2 | +3,+4
|
| Californium | Cf | 98 | 251 | 900 °C | Unknown | Solid | Unknown | 5f107s2 | +3
|
| Einsteinium | Es | 99 | 252 | 860 °C | Unknown | Solid | Unknown | 5f117s2 | +3
|
| Fermium | Fm | 100 | 257 | 1527 °C | Unknown | Solid | Unknown | 5f127s2 | +3
|
| Mendelevium | Md | 101 | 258 | 827 °C | Unknown | Solid | Unknown | 5f137s2 | +2,+3
|
| Nobelium | No | 102 | 259 | 827 °C | Unknown | Solid | Unknown | 5f147s2 | +2,+3
|
| Lawrencium | Lr | 103 | 262 | 1627 °C | Unknown | Solid | Unknown | ? 7s2 7p1 | +3
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Rare Earth Elements (REE): Composed of the lanthanide and actinide series; most of the actinides are trans-uraniums. They never occur free in nature. These metals are similar because their atomic structures are similar; all form compounds with the most common oxidation state 3. The REEs are metals, with high lustre and electrical conductivity. In colour, they are typically silver, silvery-white or grey. At elevated temperatures many ignite and burn vigorously. Are used in petroleum and electronics industries, manufacture of super conductors, permanent magnets, ceramics, glass, and metal alloys.
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Chemistry Quick Facts
